This document proposes a framework for comparative cluster policy research. It discusses key concepts like cluster initiatives versus cluster policy, dimensions of cluster policy, and a public choice model of cluster promotion. Case studies of cluster policy in Western Germany and the U.S. are outlined to examine differences in policy approaches and how they relate to varieties of capitalism. Channels of policy transfer like consultants, literature, and personal communication are examined, as well as factors that influence policy learning. The document calls for expanding comparative cluster policy research through new perspectives and an independent evaluation of policies.
Networked. How networked business can bring agility and innovation across org...Sylvain Grisot
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Networked business, defined as a state in which an interconnected system of people from different organizations are working toward one or more common objectives, is an increasingly common way of managing projects. This research is based on literature analysis and fieldwork, including mapping of networks of business partners and interviews of people involved within networked businesses.
This work allows to precise that networked business is most adapted for innovative projects in the knowledge industry, requiring team with diverse expertize. This research also makes it possible to identify some practical guidelines for building a network of partners, managing projects as networked business, and enabling learning and growth in this configuration.
Ontario Ministry of Education, Research and Evaluation Strategy. Presented by Julia Lalande and Linda Nicolson at the Canadian Knowledge Mobilization Forum, Ottawa, June 19-20, 2012.
Networked. How networked business can bring agility and innovation across org...Sylvain Grisot
MBA thesis by Sylvain GRISOT
Networked business, defined as a state in which an interconnected system of people from different organizations are working toward one or more common objectives, is an increasingly common way of managing projects. This research is based on literature analysis and fieldwork, including mapping of networks of business partners and interviews of people involved within networked businesses.
This work allows to precise that networked business is most adapted for innovative projects in the knowledge industry, requiring team with diverse expertize. This research also makes it possible to identify some practical guidelines for building a network of partners, managing projects as networked business, and enabling learning and growth in this configuration.
Ontario Ministry of Education, Research and Evaluation Strategy. Presented by Julia Lalande and Linda Nicolson at the Canadian Knowledge Mobilization Forum, Ottawa, June 19-20, 2012.
Accelerate Trust Building to UInleash Innovation. Early results from the Innovation Ecosystems Network showing networks of executive women in technology-based businesses, investments into and out of China, and emerging globalization of Norwegian technology-based businesses in the information technology sector. Lecture by Martha Russell, of Media X at Stanford University.
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Identifying and Responding to Emerging Technologieslisbk
Slides for a talk on "Identifying and Responding to Emerging Technologies" to be given by Brian Kelly, UKOLN at the IWMW 2012 event to be held in Edinburgh on 18-20 June 2012.
See http://iwmw.ukoln.ac.uk/iwmw2012/sessions/jisc-observatory/
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Speakers: Pavel Bogolyubov
The use of social media in organizations implies a paradigm shift in user behavior from a one-way mode to more proactive, collaborative way of working with much more dynamism and openness than before. Our research shows that such shift does not necessarily fit equally well the behavioral traits exhibited in different countries, and such cultural factors as collectivism (propensity to work in well established groups), relationship with power and hierarchy, and so on, can have a significant impact on how well social systems are adopted. I would like to address the Connections community with an overview of the national culture concept and to describe our research findings to date concerning the implementation cases in a variety of countries. I would envisage that it will be of relevance to those engaged in the Connections deployment in different countries directly on in consultancy capacity.
The Pistoia Alliance Information Ecosystem WorkshopPistoia Alliance
Michael Braxenthaler, president of the Pistoia Alliance, introduces the concept of the information ecosystem in life science research and discusses the role the Pistoia Alliance can play within this ecosystem. The workshop occurred in October 2011.
Accelerate Trust Building to UInleash Innovation. Early results from the Innovation Ecosystems Network showing networks of executive women in technology-based businesses, investments into and out of China, and emerging globalization of Norwegian technology-based businesses in the information technology sector. Lecture by Martha Russell, of Media X at Stanford University.
“Knowledge Across Borders: Accelerate Building Trust to Unleash Innovation” - A presentation given by Dr. Martha Russell in Business Institute, Olso, Norway on October 7, 2010.
"Spaces for engagement: Using knowledge to improve public decisions” is a joint initiative between GDNet and CIPPEC. The project was presented at the International Conference on Evidence-Informed Policy Making, Ile Ife, Nigeria on February 27-29 February, 2012.
Identifying and Responding to Emerging Technologieslisbk
Slides for a talk on "Identifying and Responding to Emerging Technologies" to be given by Brian Kelly, UKOLN at the IWMW 2012 event to be held in Edinburgh on 18-20 June 2012.
See http://iwmw.ukoln.ac.uk/iwmw2012/sessions/jisc-observatory/
Soccnx III - The impact of the national culture on the adoption and use of so...LetsConnect
Speakers: Pavel Bogolyubov
The use of social media in organizations implies a paradigm shift in user behavior from a one-way mode to more proactive, collaborative way of working with much more dynamism and openness than before. Our research shows that such shift does not necessarily fit equally well the behavioral traits exhibited in different countries, and such cultural factors as collectivism (propensity to work in well established groups), relationship with power and hierarchy, and so on, can have a significant impact on how well social systems are adopted. I would like to address the Connections community with an overview of the national culture concept and to describe our research findings to date concerning the implementation cases in a variety of countries. I would envisage that it will be of relevance to those engaged in the Connections deployment in different countries directly on in consultancy capacity.
The Pistoia Alliance Information Ecosystem WorkshopPistoia Alliance
Michael Braxenthaler, president of the Pistoia Alliance, introduces the concept of the information ecosystem in life science research and discusses the role the Pistoia Alliance can play within this ecosystem. The workshop occurred in October 2011.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
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This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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1. Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
A European Proposal
for Comparative Cluster Policy Research
MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop
Harvard Business School, 12 December 2010
Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
Guiding Questions
• Diffusion of cluster policies across time and space
• How? ⇒ Channels
• Adaptation? ⇒ Policy Learning
• What impact? ⇒ Evaluation
• Relationship between theory, empirical cluster research, policy and
practice ⇒ Public Choice perspective
• Impact of structural & institutional variety on the design, implementation and
effectiveness of cluster policies poorly understood
• E.g. varieties of capitalism (Hall/Soskice 2001) ⇒ liberal vs. coordinated
market economies
• Constellations of actors in regional governance structures
• Interdependencies across spatial scales ⇒ multilevel governance (cf.
Callaghan 2010)
⇒ Convergent vs. divergent forces
⇒ Determine scope for policy learning
MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop Harvard Business School 12 December 2010 3
1
2. Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
Comparative Cluster Policy Research: Outline
• Methodology
• Key concepts and findings
• Public Choice perspective
• Stylized facts
• Varieties of cluster policy
• Diffusion & policy learning
• Taking CCPR forward
MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop Harvard Business School 12 December 2010 4
Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
Cluster Initiative vs. Cluster Policy
Cluster Initiative = an organised effort to increase the growth and
competitiveness of a cluster within a region, involving cluster firms,
government and/or the research community (Sölvell et al. 2003, p. 31)
(Regional) Cluster Policy
• all efforts of government to develop and support clusters (in a
particular region) (Hospers/Beugelsdijk 2002, p. 382)
• Industrial, structural, technology or innovation policy promoting
regional specialisation
• Public efforts to develop concentrations of industry or network
structures into clusters, or to promote existing clusters (cf. Bruch-
Krumbein/Hochmuth 2000, p. 69 f.)
MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop Harvard Business School 12 December 2010 5
2
3. Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
Dimensions of Cluster Policy
Governance1 Public
PPP Private
Cluster reference1 Implicit Explicit
Complexity Single Instrument Holistic Approach
Cluster Orientation Low High
Coherence Low High
Institutionalisation Weak Strong
Maturity Embryonic Completed
1) cf. Fromhold-Eisebith/Eisebith 2005, p. 1256
MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop Harvard Business School 12 December 2010 6
Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
Case Study Regions: Western Germany
• Three federal states in West
Germany
• North Rhine-Westphalia ~ mature
industries facing structural change
Hannover Region:
hannoverimpuls GmbH Wolfsburg AG
• Bavaria ~ late industrialisation,
high-tech
Projekt Region
Braunschweig GmbH • Lower Saxony ~ ‘grey mass’
dortmund-project region
Wuppertal-Solingen-
Remscheid: • Regional typology ⇒ structural,
kompetenzhoch3
institutional & political variance
Nuremberg Region/
Central Franconia
• Seven sub-regional cases
Regensburg • 110 semi-structured face-to-face
interviews with 134 practitioners,
observers & consultants
(2006/2007)
Cartography: Stephan Pohl
MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop Harvard Business School 12 December 2010 7
3
4. Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
A Public Choice Model of Cluster Promotion
Economic Cluster Theory
Methods for Cluster Academia
Identification & Analysis
Conceptual Advice
Action Space
A
Rationality
Political
P
P A Political Action Implementation
Principal-Agent- Space
Constellation A P
Rationality
Bureaucratic
P A
Practical Action
Electorate
Space
Rationality
Cf. Kiese 2008, p. 133
MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop Harvard Business School 12 December 2010 8
Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
Public Choice Economics: Implications for Cluster Policy
“Even if the public authority that oversees the cluster is highly
competent and attempts to maximise local welfare, an optimal
cluster policy looks like something extraordinarily difficult to
achieve.“
“Cluster policies that already look fraught with difficulties in a world
of benevolent governments look extremely unappealing when
political agency is explicitly taken into account.“
(Duranton 2009, p. 26-27; emphasis added)
• Welfare-enhancing cluster policies threatened by
• multiple information asymmetries
• political and bureaucratic rationalities
• lobbying und rent seeking
MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop Harvard Business School 12 December 2010 9
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5. Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
Understanding of Clusters in German Policy and Practice
• Porter’s definition only academic/theoretical reference
• Cluster = “geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, specialized
suppliers, service providers, firms in related industries, and associated
institutions (for example, universities, standards agencies, and trade
associations) in particular fields that compete but also cooperate” (Porter 1998, p.
197 f.)
• General scepticism of theory; practical know-how and
experience-based learning dominates
• daily duty leaves no time to deal with fragmented theory
• no recognition of practical value
• ‘academic’ approach conflicts with mobilisation of firms
• Technocratic understanding: clusters are ‘made’ and often
equated with organised effort (initiative/policy) ⇒ danger of
overlooking / crowding out organic cluster development
• Equation of clusters and networks ⇒ institutionalisation
• Superficial reference to value chains ⇒ selectivity ⇒ rhetoric?!
MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop Harvard Business School 12 December 2010 10
Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
Stylized Facts on Regional Cluster Policy in Germany
1. Technocratic understanding of clusters in policy & practice
2. For simplicity‘s sake, clusters are understood as networks
3. Spatial mismatch between cluster and policy ⇒ over-/
underbounding
4. Temporal mismatch (short-termism vs. cluster development)
5. Herd behaviour (ICT, bio, nano…)
6. From horizontal demonstration effects to top-down diffusion
7. Inflationary use of cluster term ⇒ meaning, credibility ⇓
8. Lack of explicit theoretical foundation/reference
9. Sloppy identification of cluster potential
10. Declining cluster focus over time
MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop Harvard Business School 12 December 2010 11
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6. Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
Fuzzy Action Spaces of Cluster Promotion
Blurred action spaces and
Economic Cluster Theory
rationalities:
Methods for Cluster Academia
Identification & Analysis • Politics and Bureaucracy
Conceptual Advice govern concept
Action Space development
A
Rationality
• Action purpose-led ⇒ unity
Political
P of reason? (cf. Willgerodt 1994)
P A Political Action Implementation
Principal-Agent- Space
Constellation A P
Rationality
Bureaucratic
P A
Practical Action
Electorate
Space
Rationality
Cf. Kiese 2008, p. 133
MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop Harvard Business School 12 December 2010 12
Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
Case Study Regions in the U.S.
• 3 states + 2 sub-
regional cases
each
• 2007/2008: 87
Philadelphia interviews with
Portland practitioners,
Pittsburgh
Southern advisors and
Oregon observers
Research
Triangle
Piedmond
Triad
Stockinger 2010, p. 66 (Cartography: Stephan Pohl)
MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop Harvard Business School 12 December 2010 13
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7. Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
Cluster Policy and Varieties of Capitalism1
Liberal Coordinated
Market Economies Market Economies
• More CIs initiated by companies • Stronger role of government in
CIs
• More focused on export growth
• More national cluster policies
• More focused on upgrading
innovation
• More CI staff
• More trust across groups
Global Cluster Initiative Survey (GCIS II), Ketels et al. 2006, p. 22
1) Hall/Soskice 2001
MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop Harvard Business School 12 December 2010 14
Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
Cluster Policies in Germany vs. U.S.: Selected Differences
1) cf. Amin/Thrift 1993; 2) cf. Putnam 1995; 3) van den Berg/Braun 1999
Cf. Stockinger et al. 2009, Sternberg et al. (forthcoming)
Germany U.S.
Institutional • Cooperation and consensus • Individualism and competition
setting • Institutional thickness1, neo-corporatism • Less institutional thickness
(chambers, associations) • Collective agency less formalized, less trust
• More collective agency, trust, social capital and social capital2
National System • Focus on incremental innovation, • Strength in radical innovation, high-tech
of Innovation perceived problems with commercialization industries, commercialization aided by
of scientific breakthroughs strong VC base
• Dual system of vocational training supports • Diffusion and absorptive capacity limited by
diffusion and absorptive capacity through skills constraints.
human capital.
Policy area • Federal & state governments: innovation • Federal government: focus on workforce
policy ⇒ regional networks of science and development and disadvantaged regions
industry to accelerate commercialization (reactive)
• Regions: economic development, structural • States: Locational marketing and
policy (holistic) workforce development
Implementation • Structural: Public & collective actors • More private agency & reliance on
• Institutionalization, more political top-down individual leadership
initiation • Flexible framework, but lack of strategic
• Higher organizational capacity3, but coherence
technocratic (⇒ stylized facts)
MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop Harvard Business School 12 December 2010 15
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8. Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
Policy Transfer: Channels and Determinants
• Channels
• Literature
• Academic
• Best practice case studies
• Manuals
• Mobility of personnel (dispositive/operative)
• Consultants as transfer agents (Stone 2004)
• Knowledge communities
• Epistemic communities (Haas 1992)
• Communities of practice (Brown/Duguid 1996)
• Journeys of politicians and practitioners (policy tourism)
• Formal & informal communication (secondary)
• Determinants (cf. Lütz 2007: 139-141)
• Endogenous = cultural, institutional, socio-economic proximity
• Exogenous: frequency of interaction, networks, transfer agents
• Transfer object: complexity, visibility, potential for conflict
MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop Harvard Business School 12 December 2010 16
Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
Consultants as Transfer Agents: The McKinsey Case
• International projects, esp. U.S./ Silicon
Valley ⇒ knowledge management
• ThyssenKrupp = key supplier to VW
Hannover Region:
hannoverimpuls GmbH Wolfsburg AG • Lower Saxony ⇒ Hannover region as pilot
Projekt Region project for new structural policy approach
Braunschweig GmbH
„regional growth concepts“
dortmund-project
Bergisches Städtedreieck:
kompetenzhoch3
• State funding for concept development in
Nuremberg Region/
Braunschweig region
Central Franconia District
• Further growth concepts in Weserbergland
(2004), Süderelbe (2005)
City of Regensburg
• McK spin-off designed comparable projects
in Wernigerode, Aachen
• 2005 prelim study for Bochum 2015
Cartography: Stephan Pohl Cf. Kiese 2010
MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop Harvard Business School 12 December 2010 17
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9. Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
Transfer Channels: Summary of Evidence
Channel Occurrence / Relevance
Literature low (limited to Porter, manuals hardly known nor used)
Personnel mobility Some cases in cluster management for transfer of procedural knowledge
Knowledge Low, limited to regional/national scene
communities
German practitioners hardly participate in international KCs
Journeys Common, but doubts about transferability
Consultants Widespread
Personal Informal exchange btw state ministries, otherwise rare
communication
⇒ Overall low degree (inspiration, sometimes combination), path-dependent
learning by doing tends to dominate
⇒ McKinsey projects = notable exception (copying, adaptation), but influence
fading over time
⇒ Unilateral policy shopping as dominant mechanism
Cf. Kiese 2010
MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop Harvard Business School 12 December 2010 18
Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
Interregional vs. Path-dependent Institutional Learning
generic
explicit
Cluster approach
(Re-)Contex-
Decontex- Regional cluster tualisation
tualisation concept
Decoding
Codification accumulated experience, Adaption
learning by doing
(„laboratory“)
path-dependent learning (incremental, cumulative)
local-specific
tacit
Interregional learning is embedded in path-dependent local learning processes.
based on Hassink/Lagendijk (2001: 69), also cf. Nonaka/Takeuchi 1995
MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop Harvard Business School 12 December 2010 19
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10. Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
Comparative Cluster Policy Research: Towards an Agenda
• Horizontal expansion: Including more countries to increase variety
(e.g. Kiese 2009)
• Perspectives proved useful
• institutional (VoC, regional & multilevel governance)
• policy diffusion/transfer and learning
• Public Choice
• Conceptual broadening through new perspectives and tasks, e.g.
• Isolated best-practice case studies ⇒ common framework for systematic
CCPR
• Increase interdisciplinary research
• need for independent scholarly evaluation
• ECRP (European Collaborative Research Programme) as an
opportunity, but 2011 call has been cancelled due to organizational
transitions ⇒ new funding opportunities sought
MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop Harvard Business School 12 December 2010 20
Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
References (1/3)
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Working, Learning, and Innovation. In: Organization Science, 2(1): 40-57.
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Fallbeispiele aus Ostdeutschland. Marburg: Schüren.
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MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop Harvard Business School 12 December 2010 22
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11. Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
References (2/3)
Kiese, M., 2008: Mind the Gap: Regionale Clusterpolitik im Spannungsfeld von Wissenschaft, Politik und Praxis
aus der Perspektive der Neuen Politischen Ökonomie. In: Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie, 52(2-3): 129-
145.
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Hagbarth, L. (ed.): Innovative City and Business Regions. (=Structural Change in Europe, 6). Bollschweil:
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MOC Network Cluster Research Workshop Harvard Business School 12 December 2010 23
Matthias Kiese
Institute for Competitiveness and Communication ICC
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Stockinger, D.; Sternberg, R.; Kiese, M., 2009: Cluster Policy in Co-ordinated vs. Liberal Market Economies: A
Tale of Two High-Tech States. Paper presented at the DRUID Summer Conference on Innovation, Strategy
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http://www2.druid.dk/conferences/viewpaper.php?id=5890&cf=32, last accessed 7 December 2010.
Stockinger, D., 2010: Handlungsräume und Akteure der Clusterpolitik in den USA: Implementierungsprozesse in
North Carolina, Oregon und Pennsylvania aus politisch-ökonomischer und institutioneller Perspektive. Berlin:
Logos.
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